![]() In addition, thermal treatment by sintering at a high temperature is always a requirement for the sol–gel process. The technique of sol–gel coating has the benefits of cost-effectiveness, simplicity, high deposition rate, and scalability, but the produced films generally exhibit low density, high porosity, and relatively high electrical resistance. Of these, sol–gel spin-coating has attracted the most attention and is the most frequently used method for preparing TCO films. Among the various doped ZnO powders, AZO has attracted the most attention and interest for industrial use, because aluminum (Al) has the highest natural abundance and lowest cost.įor the preparation of the TCO thin films, several techniques, including chemical and physical vapor depositions, epitaxy, sputtering, spray pyrolysis, ion plating, and sol–gel coating, ,, ,, ,, ,, , have been employed. Metal-doped ZnO powders have some beneficial features as replacements for ITO, such as their low resistance, high transparency, and good chemical and thermal stability. To reduce the material costs of manufacturing TCO, numerous doped ZnO compounds, including aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium-doped zinc oxide, and gallium-doped zinc oxide, have been proposed as replacements for ITO, ,,. ![]() ![]() The major candidate materials for TCO are generally very expensive n-type semiconductors, such as indium tin oxide (ITO),. Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials have been extensively manufactured as films for use in optical and electrical devices for applications in solar cells, flat panels, liquid crystal displays, transistors, light-emitting diodes, and window coatings,. ![]()
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